BiochemistryLesson 1 of 2 in the course Metabolism and Nutrition

Glucose Metabolism: Glycolysis, Respiration, and Gluconeogenesis

5 flashcards · 5 quiz questions · 5 match pairs · 5 fill-in sentences · English

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Summary

Carbohydrates provide an important source of energy and include simple sugars as well as complex polysaccharides. This lesson follows glucose from digestion and uptake into the cell through glycolysis, the first major pathway of cellular respiration.

Carbohydrates are organic molecules made primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose, are simple sugars. Polysaccharides are larger molecules composed of many monosaccharides. Starch and glycogen store energy; cellulose and chitin serve structural roles.

All flashcards

What is glycolysis?
A cytoplasmic pathway that converts glucose into two pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.
What is the net ATP yield of glycolysis?
Two ATP per glucose: four are produced and two are consumed.
What does the Krebs cycle do?
It oxidizes acetyl CoA, regenerates oxaloacetate, and produces electron carriers and GTP.
What is chemiosmosis in aerobic respiration?
Proton flow down a gradient through ATP synthase drives ATP formation.
What is gluconeogenesis?
The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, primarily in the liver.

Quiz questions

  1. In many human cells, what is the main role of fermentation when oxygen is limited?Answer: It regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue.
  2. What are the products of pyruvate oxidation from one pyruvate molecule?Answer: Acetyl CoA, carbon dioxide, and NADH.
  3. What does one turn of the Krebs cycle yield per acetyl CoA?Answer: Three NADH, one FADH2, and one GTP or ATP equivalent.
  4. What is oxygen's role in the electron transport chain?Answer: It accepts electrons at the chain's end and combines with hydrogen ions to form water.
  5. Which statement best describes gluconeogenesis?Answer: It makes glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, mainly in the liver.

Based on Anatomy and Physiology 2e by J. Gordon Betts, Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Eddie Johnson, Brandon Poe, Dean H. Kruse, Oksana Korol, Jody E. Johnson, Mark Womble, Peter DeSaix (OpenStax), licensed CC BY 4.0. Adapted into a summary, flashcards and quizzes.

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