ImmunologyLesson 3 of 4 in the course Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses

Blood Cell Origins and Cellular Immune Defenses

5 flashcards · 5 quiz questions · 5 match pairs · 5 fill-in sentences · English

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Summary

Blood contains both a fluid portion and formed elements. This lesson introduces the major formed elements and explains how they develop from stem cells in the bone marrow.

The fluid portion of blood is plasma, which carries dissolved substances, including chemical mediators involved in host defenses. The nonfluid portion consists of formed elements: cells and cellular fragments that develop from stem cells in bone marrow.

All flashcards

How do neutrophils defend against microbes?
They use phagocytosis, degranulation, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).
What immune roles do eosinophils have?
They help defend against protozoa and helminths and contribute to allergic reactions.
How can NK cells recognize abnormal host cells?
They respond when inhibitory signals from normal MHC markers decrease and activating signals increase.
What can monocytes become after entering tissues?
They can differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells.
What is pus?
An accumulation of leukocytes, cellular debris, and bacteria at an infection site.

Quiz questions

  1. In perforin-mediated cytotoxicity, what roles do perforin and granzymes play?Answer: Perforin forms target-cell membrane pores, and granzymes enter and trigger apoptosis.
  2. What do neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) consist of?Answer: Chromatin combined with antimicrobial components from granules.
  3. How can complement fragments C3a and C5a affect basophils?Answer: They can stimulate basophil degranulation and promote inflammation.
  4. What may happen to a monocyte after it leaves the bloodstream and enters tissue?Answer: It may differentiate into a macrophage or dendritic cell.
  5. What can a low blood level of complement protein C4 indicate?Answer: Complement consumption, inherited deficiency, or reduced production.

Based on Microbiology by Nina Parker, Mark Schneegurt, Anh-Hue Thi Tu, Philip Lister, Brian M. Forster (OpenStax), licensed CC BY 4.0. Adapted into a summary, flashcards and quizzes.

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