Language teachingLesson 1 of 2 in the course Second language acquisition

Krashen’s Five Hypotheses: Input, Monitoring, Affect, and Teaching

5 flashcards · 5 quiz questions · 5 match pairs · 5 fill-in sentences · English

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Summary

This lesson introduces Stephen Krashen’s model of second-language acquisition and explains its central claim: learners develop language ability by understanding messages that contain language just beyond their current level.

The input hypothesis, also called the monitor model, refers to a group of five hypotheses developed by linguist Stephen Krashen during the 1970s and 1980s. The input hypothesis was first published in 1977. Although the term originally named one hypothesis, it later came to refer to the group as a whole.

All flashcards

What is the input hypothesis?
Krashen’s claim that learners advance their language ability by understanding input that is slightly beyond their current level.
What does comprehensible input mean?
Spoken or written language the learner can understand, possibly with help from context, even when it contains some unfamiliar language.
What do ii and +1+1 mean?
ii is the learner’s current interlanguage and relevant knowledge; +1+1 is a manageable next increment of language within the learner’s capacity to acquire.
What are the five hypotheses in Krashen’s model?
The input hypothesis, acquisition–learning hypothesis, monitor hypothesis, natural order hypothesis, and affective filter hypothesis.
What does the input hypothesis say about output?
Speaking is not considered the cause of acquisition. It may help indirectly, while the ability to produce comprehensible output is treated as an effect of acquisition.

Quiz questions

  1. In Krashen’s acquisition–learning hypothesis, how does acquisition differ from learning?Answer: Acquisition is subconscious development through focusing on meaning.
  2. According to Krashen, what three conditions allow a learner to use the monitor?Answer: Knowing the rule, focusing on correctness, and having time.
  3. What does the natural order hypothesis propose about language features?Answer: They tend to be acquired in a broadly predictable order, not simply in order of teaching ease.
  4. In Krashen’s model, what does a high affective filter represent?Answer: Negative emotions that can obstruct attention to and processing of input.
  5. What is meant by dual comprehension in language learning?Answer: Understanding both a message’s meaning and how its language expresses that meaning.

Based on the Wikipedia article Input hypothesis, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. Adapted into a summary, flashcards and quizzes.

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