Motivation helps explain why people begin an action, how much effort they invest, and how long they continue. This lesson introduces the meaning and measurement of motivation, its three main components, and the stages through which it unfolds.
Motivation is an internal state or force that propels individuals toward goal-directed behavior. It helps explain why people or animals initiate, continue, or stop an action at a particular time. Motivation is not directly observable, and scholars do not agree on one precise definition because it includes many psychological and physiological aspects.
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How do intrinsic and extrinsic motivation differ?
Intrinsic motivation comes from interest or satisfaction in the activity; extrinsic motivation is driven by external outcomes.
How do amotivation and akrasia differ?
Amotivation is a lack of interest or willingness; akrasia is difficulty acting in line with one's judgment.
What are expectancy, instrumentality, and valence?
Expectancy links effort to performance, instrumentality links performance to outcomes, and valence is the value of an outcome.
What distinguishes hygiene factors from motivators in Herzberg's theory?
Hygiene factors concern work conditions and can prevent dissatisfaction; motivators relate to the work itself and can promote satisfaction.
Which three needs does self-determination theory identify?
Autonomy, competence, and connection.
Quiz questions
In expectancy theory, what does instrumentality mean?Answer: The belief that successful performance will lead to a desired outcome.
According to Maslow's progression principle, what generally happens before higher needs become strong motivators?Answer: Lower needs are sufficiently fulfilled.
In McClelland's learned needs theory, which need involves forming and maintaining social connections?Answer: Affiliation.
What does equity theory emphasize when explaining motivation?Answer: Perceived fairness in comparisons of effort and reward.
In criminal law, how does motive differ from intent?Answer: Motive is a reason for an offense; intent is the mental state associated with the act.
Based on the Wikipedia article Motivation, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. Adapted into a summary, flashcards and quizzes.