Blood Pressure Regulation, Hypertension, and Angina

All flashcards

What is blood pressure?

Blood pressure is the force exerted by flowing blood on arterial walls. It is expressed as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure in mm Hg.

What are cardiac output and its components?

Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit of time. It is calculated as heart rate multiplied by stroke volume: $CO = HR \times SV$.

How do systolic and diastolic pressure differ?

Systolic pressure reflects arterial pressure during heart contraction. Diastolic pressure reflects arterial pressure while the heart rests between beats.

What distinguishes primary from secondary hypertension?

Primary hypertension has no single identified cause and may involve multiple risk factors. Secondary hypertension is related to another condition, such as a renal, endocrine, or central nervous system disorder.

How do RAAS and vasopressin raise blood pressure?

RAAS increases arteriolar constriction and promotes sodium and water retention. Vasopressin promotes water reabsorption and vasoconstriction; both actions can increase blood pressure.

Quiz questions

1. What is the primary purpose of a 12-lead ECG during hypertension evaluation?Answer: To help assess heart rhythm.
2. What weekly aerobic activity recommendation is given for adults managing blood pressure?Answer: At least 150 minutes of moderate activity or 75 minutes of vigorous activity.
3. What causes variant (Prinzmetal) angina?Answer: A spasm in a coronary artery that temporarily reduces blood flow.
4. Which description best characterizes unstable angina?Answer: Unpredictable discomfort, often at rest, that may last longer than stable episodes and requires emergency attention.